Equally important, it has been proven that physical activity may have a positive effect on reducing the blood pressure and the arterial stiffness in older adults ( 11, 12). Veijalainen et al., for example, have given evidence that limited CRF is related to lower arterial compliance and higher arterial stiffness ( 10) measured by pulse wave velocity between carotid and femoral arteries. Several studies have shown a relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and arterial compliance ( 8, 9). High-frequency ultrasound is considered the gold standard for assessment of endothelial function in both adults ( 6, 7) and children ( 6). Several pediatric studies have already reported reduced endothelial function (FMD) in children and adolescents at risk for atherosclerotic CV disease ( 4, 5). Increased arterial compliance and impairment of arterial endothelial function play an important role in the development of atheroclerosis and are strong predictors of CV events independent of traditional risk factors in adulthood ( 2, 3). The study highlights the importance of reducing time spent being sedentary to maintain endothelial health.Ĭardiovascular (CV) dysfunction, contributing to myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke is one of the major cause of death in today's society worldwide ( 1). No significant model revealed, analyzing the influencing factors such as anthropometric data, blood lipids, physical activity and fitness on endothelial function.Ĭonclusion: This is the first study on endothelial function in association to objectively measured physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy school children in Germany. More time spent in sedentary activity was the main predictor for lower arterial compliance (adjusted for age and sex), accounting for 14% of the variance. Boys met the recommendations of 60 min moderate to vigorous activity, whereas girls were significantly less active and did not meet current recommendations. Boys' cardiorespiratory fitness was higher than compared to girls. Baseline measurements during the diagnostics of endothelial function revealed higher arterial compliance of the brachial artery in boys. Children were normal weight, blood lipid profiles (cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride) were in normal range. Physical activity was assessed using GT3x accelerometers (Actigraph, USA), over 4 days (including 1 week-end day), with a minimum wear-time duration of 10 h. A symptom limited pulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer was performed to test cardiorespiratory fitness. Changes in arterial diameter at baseline, ischaemia and vasodilatation were measured.
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The waveform of diameter changes over the cardiac cycle was displayed in real time using the FMD-mode of the eTRACKING system. Tracking gates were set on the intima in B-mode. Endothelial function was diagnosed by flow-mediated dilatation with ultrasonography (ALOKA/Hitachi, Prosound alpha 6). Blood was drawn (8 h overnight fast), assessing total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein and triglycerides. Anthropometric data, body composition and blood pressure were assessed.
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Methods: The 94 participants (41 girls, 53 boys) in the study were young, healthy children from a German school cohort.
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We aimed to explore factors, influencing endothelial function and arterial compliance in a cohort of healthy school children. Greater amounts of physical activity and physical fitness in children are associated with cardiovascular health benefits.